Saturday, December 12, 2009

Opportunity to Preserve Our Past


By A. K. Khanna

Heritage is our legacy from the past, that we live today and that we pass on to the future generations. Our cultural and natural heritage is both priceless and irreplaceable source of life and inspiration. The World Heritage Sites, Cultural as well Natural Sites belong to all people of the world, irrespective of the territory on which they are located.

In 1972, the General Conference of UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) adopted a resolution with overwhelming enthusiasm, thereby, a convention concerning the Protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage, by which countries recognize that the sites located on their national territory and which have been inscribed on the World Heritage list, without prejudice to national sovereignty or township, constitute.

India is a grand repository of ancient cultural and natural treasure of exceptional value, is a state party to the convention concerning the protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage from 1977 and has been working in close cooperation with other international agencies like ICOMOS (International Council of Monuments and Sites) IUCN (International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources) and ICCORM (International Center for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property). India is also an elected member of the World Heritage Committee since 1985 and is contributing regularly for the promotion of World Heritage.
As on 2008, India has 22 Cultural and 5 Natural sites, which are inscribed, as UNESCO’s World Heritage Sites, they are:Ajanta Caves (1983), Ellora Caves (1983), Agra Fort (1983),Taj Mahal (1983), Sun Temple, Konark (1984), Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram (1984), Kaziranga National Park (1985), Churches and Convents of Goa (1986), Khajuraho Group of Monuments (1986), Group of Monuments at Hampi (1986), Fatehpur Sikri (1986), Group of Monuments at Pattadakal (1987), Elephanta Caves (1987), Great Living Chola Temples (1987 & 2004), Sundarbans National Park (1987), Nanda Devi National Park (1988), Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi (1989), Humayun’s Tomb, Delhi (1993), Qutb Minar and its Monuments, Delhi (1993), Indian Mountain Railways (IMR) (1999), Mahabodhi Temple Complex at Bodh Gaya (2002), Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka (2003), Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park (2004), Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (formerly Victoria Terminus) (2004)Red Fort (2007)

The ICOMOS, a wing of UNESCO, has declared April 18 of every year as a World Heritage Day. The Ministry of Culture and Archaeological Survey of India apart, from observing the World Heritage Day and augmenting various practical measure in respect of conservation of the World Heritage Monuments have been observing the World Heritage Week (18th – 25th Nov). The World Heritage Week coincides with the birthday of Smt. Indira Gandhi, the late Prime Minister of India, whose love and concern for the Cultural and Natural Heritage well known. These annual events specially aimed to involve the youth of the country in such work as creating awareness, in preservation and propagation of the rich cultural heritage for which our country is World famous.

The World Heritage Day offers an opportunity to raise public awareness concerning the diversity of the World’s Heritage (tangible, intangible & Natural) and the efforts that required to protect and conserve for the future generation as well as to draw attention to its venerability. There are two major issues to the theme of ‘Heritage and Science ‘that has been chosen for International Day for Monuments and Sites or World Heritage Day on 18th April, 2009. One being the role that the science and the scientific process has played in the creation of heritage and the other being the contribution that science and technology offers to the study of heritage. The term Science and Technology are twin sisters, science defined as a system of process that and a body of knowledge about the physical world cannot exist without technology .As technology is a system of tools and procedure concerned with modifying the physical World and to a great extent is based on science.

The bulk of the World tangible or build-in heritage excluding purposes completely natural landscapes is the result of the practical application of knowledge under science and technology.

The most important tangible heritage of Jammu region is Mubarak Mandi Complex. Clearly reflects the influence of Science and Technology into its construction, the application of science in terms of architectural design, also in mining of stone, making of lime mortar / plaster, Casting of iron girders / grills / railings / pipes etc. In the means Transportation of the raw material from England and to organized skilled and unskilled components that made the structure possible in terms of the palace complex. Apart from this hydrology (Science of water lifting system) mechanic (lifting of load) and requirements of tools suitable for the quarry of stone, placing the large girders, execution of wood work and frescoes on walls and doors. Fundamentally without science and technology, no monument of structure could exist. The contribution that science and technology can now make to the conservation, preservation and even understanding of cultural heritage or tangible heritage is rapidly evolving and expanding with experience of the Archaeological Survey of India in last 147 years of the existence. For example, the use of lasers beam for the treatment of surfaces and measurement of shape and form, non destructive methods of exploration and excavation, chemical and compounds for clearing the artifacts and building structures, the analysis of compounds using x-ray diffraction and mass spectrometers, the use of information system to store and analysis data/ modeling as a means of planning repairs works and even use of information technology for dissemination of research and development.

The celebration of the International Day for Monuments and Sites offers an opportunity to review and acknowledge the role of science and technology in cultural heritage. It also provides incentives to discuss potential benefits and threat that science also posses in the future with respect to the safeguarding of’ the thing we want to keep.

Tuesday, December 8, 2009

Payer Temple

A.K.KHANNA



Payer Temple is the most intact and an elegant temple located on the opposite side of a rivulet in the village of Payer in Pulwama district, 38 kilometer from Srinagar, the summer State capital of Jammu & Kashmir. Payer village is 3 km away from south Pulwama town.

The ancient temple of Payer is of intrinsic beauty and elegance. The superstructure is built of ten stones only, four rectangular stones cut out into doorways, the other four with square trefoil arches and one hemispherical dome stone completing the tri-foliage pediment and the last round in the form of amalaka.

The edifice has been encircled by the newly constructed wooden houses from three sides and is the best preserved example of Kashmiri Hindu shrine in the valley. The single square chamber temple is situated on a square piece of land. It is fenced and has a beautiful garden. The sanctum sanctorum reached by a flight of steps is built on a high square moulded platform of dressed Deveri stones to avoid flooding of the temple structure by the rivulet passing through the village. The temple is square internally and built on a high base. The base has a plain torus in the middle and a filleted torus on the top. Over the base of high platform, the temple of Payer is built of ten pieces of rectangular, square, hemispherical and round stones. The cult image of the temple is a Siva ling, which has an octagonal base. The temple is a naturally protected monument and not under worship.

It is open from four sides and approached through flight of steps. The most important aspect of the temple super structure is built of ten stones. The four door ways have been cut out of four large thick rectangular stones surmounted by a trefoil arch, which in turn is enclosed by a pediment slabs of sand stone. The four trefoil ached stones form the upper part of the temple. These have been placed on a square temple base. The ninth part has a unique feature of pyramidal roof with an inverted dome carved out of a thick sand stone slab to provide the curvature of a dome. Tenth being the amalaka of the temple. The sculptured tympanums over the four doorways with two stone compose the pyramid roof in the form of 8 feet by 4 feet in height, stone carved or chiseled out from interior in the shape of a dome.

The top hemispherical stone hollowed out from inside with expanded lotus in the interior act as pyramidal roof to prevent the accumulation of snow.

The top hemispherical stone hollowed from inside, the lower edge of which is decorated with the straight edges fillets and the beaded circle is a reflection of the Greek Roman architecture The central slab is decorated with expanded lotus the usual feature of Hindu Temple architecture in Indian sub-continent.

An octagonal base at the Linga within the sanctum is a form of Shiva which is installed in the centre. The temple reflects the the original style of the Kashmir valley architecture in true sense which survived in the valley. The elegant small temples reflect the original character of bigger temple like Avantipur, Martand and Naranag temple of the valley which lost their upper part.

The figure of Lakulisha a form of Lord Siva carved on the doorways confirms that the temple is dedicated to Lord Shiva. Lakulisha is the founder of systemister of the Pushupati sect. The sanctorum can be approached from four sides . The entrance is through the east four doorways are rectangular and topped by a trefoil arch, which in turn is enclosed by a pediment, a usual feature of Kashmir's temple architecture. The pilasters on which pediments rest are surrounded by capital bearing pair of geese with long stylized foliage tails and the pilasters form trefoil arch springs crowned by two beautiful carved sitting miniatures humped bulls with a common head and two horns each. The bull has scarves tied to their humps which again is a foreign feature on the sculptures of the temple.

The eastern trefoil arch is enclosed by a relief in which Lord Shiva is seen seated cross legged on a throne under the canopy of an overhanging tree.

On the north side, the relief represents Bhairva, the terrible manifestation of Lord Shiva presuming a human being who turns towards him in an attitude of a supplication - behind the Bhairva has a long plain trunk of an elephant. On the western side is the animated figure of six armed dancing Shiva or Nat raja the upper two arms are gesticulating, the lower left-hand holds a lotus and in right the trident, in the left lower corner of the group is a musician plying on a vina or flute, on the right another beating a drum as accompaniment.

The Southern relief depicts a three headed Lord Shiva seated cross legged on a wicker-work pedestal. On the left lower corner is a seated female, probably, his consort Parvati. The remaining three figures are emancipated and are perhaps those of the ascetics. Over the Shiva is seen the flying figure of Gandhava. The corner pilasters are crowned by very beautiful floral, capital

The interior of the walls are plain, roof is hollowed out in a hemispherical dome with small pattern of expanded lotus flower. The gem of Kashmiri temple architecture is in original form, material and style is worth visiting which survived the ravages of time and manmade vagaries in the form of a small scale replica of specimen of Hindu shrine in the valley.

An octagonal base at the Linga within the sanctum is a form of Shiva which is installed in the centre. The temple reflects the original style of the Kashmir valley architecture in true sense which survived in the valley. The elegant small temples reflect the original character of bigger temple likes Avantipur, Martand and Naranag temple of the Valley.

Saturday, November 21, 2009

RESEARCH

HERITAGE INITIATIVE FOUNDATION has a primary objective that lays focus on the research activities concerning the heritage and cultural aspects of human societies .The collection and interpretation of the data related to these fields for the objective understanding of the heritage issues .Interpretation of heritage is the most challenging issue in the present world order when the domain of understanding the aboriginal culture has minimized due to the political vested interests who bully the policy making and decision establishment and work against the minority groups.

HERITAGE INITIATIVE FOUNDATION has a resolve to release the heritage and culture from the tentacles of the vested interests who have held these minority groups and internally displaced communities hostage to their fascist tendencies working overtly and covertly to instigate the communal forces from the majority community to trample and erase the marvels of nature and innovations of the human mind.

HERITAGE INITIATIVE FOUNDATION resolves to expand the intellectual domain of the heritage issues with exemplary research and thus generating a data base for the scholars and the policy making bodies at the international level to preserve and conserve the heritage for the posterity and save the humanity from abusing the outcome of the interaction between humans and the nature that is the heritage in all its tangible and intangible forms.

Thursday, November 19, 2009

The Aesthetics of Mubark Mandi Palace Complex of Jammu

Jasbir Singh Katoch

Jammu has a rich cultural and built heritage. In the form of temples, forts, palaces, serais etc. It is however, the Mubarak Mandi palace complex which has been regarded as the crown of Jammu city. It is a living example of rich cultural heritage, of which architecture is a major component as it contains message from past about our cultural and traditional aspects.
Mubarak Mandi palace complex not only form an essential aspect of the cultural heritage of Jammu but is the most significant and important building in terms of history and the location of Jammu region. Strategically it is located on a hillock overlooking the river Tawi, in the heart of the old city of Jammu. It remained the royal residence of the Dogra rajas of Jammu, prior to the shifting of Maharaja Hari Singh to Hari Palace, at Manda hills. Besides, being a heritage building and a place of residence for the royalty, the importance of Mubarak Mandi also lay in the fact that it remained a hub of political and social activity till 1947. The darbars of Dogra rajas continued to be held in the palace complex till the union of J&K State with Indian union.
It is, however, unfortunate that the palace complex is disintegration rapidly. The reasons vary from public as well as political apathy to the lack of awareness regarding the monumental value of the palace; otherwise what could explain the ignorant use of the historical building at the hands of various government departments, who have over the years put the palace complex under every imaginable torture without caring for its, monumental, cultural and heritage values. Mubark Mandi Royal Palace Complex, which is the glorious landmark in Dogra architecture developed in phases over the last two hundred years till the reign of Maharaja Partap Singh. It seems that after the establishment of Dogra rule over the state of Jammu and Kashmir State in the second quarter of nineteenth century i.e. in 1846 A.D. various Dogra rulers constructed the Mubarak Mandi palace complex in phases during different periods according to their needs and requirements.
Historical Background: Prior to the construction of Mubarak Mandi palace complex, it is said that the rajas of Jammu until the time of Raja Gaje Singh, resided in the old palace, popularly known as the Purani Mandi / Mal-Dev-Ki-Mandi / Khalki Mandi. It was Raja Gaje Singh (1692-1707 A.D.) who selected the new site of Dhounthly spur overlooking the river Tawi for the construction of a new palace complex. But Raja Gaje Singh was unable to go beyond that and it was his son Raja Dhruv Dev (1707-1733 A.D.) who finally laid the foundation of the new palaces. This is corroborated by the chronicles of the region.
According to the chronicle Rajdarshani, during the reign of Farukh Siyar in the year 1126 Hijri corresponding to Vikrami 1767 i.e. 1710, Raja Dhruv Dev started the construction of residential palaces for himself and his family on the new site on the lofty bank of river Tawi. It was he who then shifted his royal household and darbar from Purani Mandi palace to the new palace constructed at Dounthly area, which later became famous by the name Darbargarh.
After Raja Dhruv Dev, his son Maharaja Ranjeet Dev (1733 to 1781 A.D.) is said to have added few more buildings to the palace complex.
It was near about four decades after Maharaja Ranjeet Dev, Majaraja Gulab Singh (1792-1856 A.D.) was crowned as the Raja of Jammu by the Sikh ruler Maharaja Ranjeet Singh in the month of Har, Vikrami 1879 i.e. June, A.D. 1822, under the Jia pota tree at Akhnoor near the bank of Chandarbhaga river i.e. Chenab (Asikni). After becoming the raja of Jammu, Maharaja Gulab Singh is said to have added a beautiful mansion in the same premises at Dabargarh area (Jammu City). He later added more buildings on he north-east side of the palace complex, Maharaja Ranbir singh ruled Jammu and Kashmir State from 1856 to 1885 A.D. Maharaja Ranbir Singh rebuilt most of the palaces of palace complex in around 1874 A.D. and completed the palace complex as it looks today. Maharaja Partap Singh ascended the throne of Jammu and Kashmir on 15th September 1885 A.D. and he ruled Jammu and Kasmir State from 1885 to 1925 A.D. He is also said to have constructed few buildings within the palace complex. These included the palace of Maharani Charraki on the eastern side of the palace complex, facing the river Tawi. During the reign of Maharaja Partap Singh, in the year 1898 A.D. on the evening of the 28th April a fire broke out in Mandi palace complex for the second time and due this incident of fire serious damages were inflicted to the following buildings:
1. Dewani Office
2. Governor’s Office
3. Foreign Office
4. Green Darbar Hall
After the incident of Mandi fire Maharaja Partap Singh rebuilt these
buildings in the early part of twentieth century. Maharaja Partap Singh ordered for the construction of Green Hall Governors office. Foreign office and Dewani office. The construction of these buildings was completed before the celebration of marriage ceremony of Raja Hari Singh in the month of Baisakhi, Sambvat 1970 i.e. in the year1913 A.D.
In A.D. 1925 Maharaja Partap Singh was succeeded by his nephew Raja Hari Singh son on his younger brother Raja Amar Singh, Maharaja Hari Singh (1925-1947 A.D.) shifted his residence from Mubarak Mandi palace complex to the newly built Hari Palace to the north of Jammu city at Ramnagar forest area near Manda hills.
The main focus of the paper is to discuss the Aesthetics of Mubarak Mandi Palace Complex.
Aesthetic is a branch of philosophy that deals with the nature of beauty, especially in art. It emerged as a distinct branch of enquiry in the eighteenth century. In the western world, it is popularly know as “a theory of beauty” and in India, aesthetics is considered to deal with dramatic art and recognized as subordinate to architecture, which is a mother of the arts of sculpture, painting and the decorative crafts.
Some of aesthetics is found in several kinds of art like sculptures, paintings, architecture, decorative crafts etc. As for as the aesthetical aspect of architecture is concerned, it means art of designing structures. An architectural monument thus is a living expression of qualities like sacrifice, truth, power, courage, valour, love and beauty.
In this regard, aesthetic aspects of architecture have been found in Mubarak Mandi palace complex that can be discussed in two categories”
a) Structural features
b) Decorative features
A) Structural features: Structural features of Mubarak Mandi palace complex included the domes, bay windows, arches, spandrel, triangular pediment, segmental and broken pediment, cornices, brackets, projected balconies, pillars, iron railing, bulbous and small octagonal kiosks etc. The main purpose of these was to beautify the palace complex.
i) Domes: The domes which have been found at Mubarak Mandi palace complex are of two types:
a) Traditional Hindu and Rajputana style of Architecture.
b) Hemispherical and saucer domes.
c) Small dome/onion or Bulbous like sturcures.
a) Domes of Traditional Hindu and Rajputana style: These domes crowded the Gole Ghar, Grey hall and Army Headquarter and buildings. Total number of six domes of this type crowned the Mubarak Mandi palace complex. The architectural style of these domes is traditional Hindu and Rajputana. The shape of these domes is that of Hindu temples. These domes are octagonal in plan and shape. No influence of Islamic architecture is discerned in these.
The larger domes were placed at the centre of the buildings above the main entrances and other four smaller domes at the extreme comers of the buildings. The larger dome of Green Hall is different in shape from other two small domes but similar in plane. They go on tapering up to the top.
The central dome above the main entrance of the green hall buildngs has an iron rod. This iron rod was used for holding the flag of the rulers of Dogra Dynasty. The length of iron rod is about 10 feet and it is about 5 cm diameter. The top most portion of central dome was composed of round burnt bricks and held together with the help of gypsum Surkhi mortar. It is about 3ft in diameter. The smaller domes of both buildings were provided over the stair halls. These domes were decorated with the provision of cornices at different heights. Cornices were supported by brackets. These brackets were made of single stone unit and thickness of these cornices was 3 inches. These cornices were placed so that the splash of rainwater could not find an access into the structure. The function of cornices was not only to prevent an access of water into the buildings but
Also to enhance the beauty of the buildings. However, the era in which buildings were constructed the function of these cornices was purely aesthetic.
b) Hemispherical and Saucer domes:- Two hemispherical and one saucer domes were provided at Gale Ghar building. The architectural style of these domes is different from the domes crowning the green hall and army headquarters buildings. The total number of these types of domes is three. The dome that was placed at the left corner of the building looks like saucer dome.
Among the other two domes, one was placed in the center and the second at the extreme right corner of the building overlooking the bed of river Tawi are hemispherical in shape. The tops of these domes were decorated with padmakosa (lotus petals), which supported the flagstaff.
c) Small dome/Onion or Bulbous like structures:- Small domes like structures were provided at the four corners of central domes of both buildings and these were provided only to improve the aesthetic of buildings. The height of these is about 5 ft. from the lower cornice of the main domes. These were made of stone and fixed with the help of gypsum mortar. Small bulbous like structures were also placed all around the main domes. These were made of stones and carved in the shape of onion bulbi. The height of these is about 4-5 feet from the upper cornices of the main dome. The architectural styles of all these domes ha enhanced the beauty of whole Mubarak Mandi Complex.
2. Arches:- Arches are typically carved structures. These are used to bridge spans in building construction and civil engineering. The arches acting a self-supporting structure composed of bricks or stone blocks and capable of bearing the weight of upper parts of buildings. There are many different types but the principal types of arch are horseshoe, cusped, semicircular and ogee in accordance with their shapes.
Several types of arches like pointed, lancet, round, flat and arches of typical Hindu and Rajputana in styles have been found in the buildings of Mubarak Mani complex. A series of pointed arches have been found in the pink hall building and also in other buildings of place complex.
Lancet or acute gothic arches (the lancet windows and gateway topped by pointed arches) were used to decorate the deodhi Mubarak. Arches were also used to decorate the main entrance of the Grey hall building. The man entrance of the grey hall was divided into three parts for the purpose of aesthetics. It has two types of arches i.e. lancet and flat arch. The height of the main entrance is about 14 ft. from the floor level and it is about 13 ft. in width. The columns were highly carved by various floral designs and whole work was carried out in stone. An arcade of arches of typical Hindu and Rajputana in style were used to decorate both the grey hall and Army headquarter and foreign department buildings. Both buildings had long reception verandas. The verandas have an arcade both on the ground floor and first floor of the buildings. The stone columns supported the arches. These stone columns were beautifully carved and have elaborately decorated capitals. These are multi centered arches and were made of two stone units one unit of stone making each half of arch. The stone units were fixed by using gypsum mortar as cementing material. There are 64 arches in the front elevation of both grey hall and army headquarter and foreign department buildings These arches give a traditional and decent look and further enhanced the aesthetic beauty of the palace complex. The colour of stones used in these arches matched with the colour of the buildings. Thus, one can say that without these arches both the building blocks would have looked incomplete.
3. Bay window / Jharokas: Bay widow are corbelled out from the face of a wall by means of projecting brick or stone masonry. In other words it is an angular or curved projection on the wall of a house or buildings filled by fenestration. Bay windows or jharokas of different size and design were provided in almost all the buildings of Mubarak Mandi palace complex. These Jharokas have been found on the walls of both residential and official buildings the openings of these jharokas were carved both outside and inside and the frames and shutters were made of deodar wood and fitted with glass panes. Most of the jharokas were carved with the petals from above and bottom. These jharokas were provided not only for the aesthetic look of the buildings, but also to protection from the sun and rain.
4. Spandrel: Spandrel is a triangular space on both sides on the top of arch, the vertical of its apex, the space between the two arches and in case of vault the space between the adjacent ribs. In Mubarak Mandhi palace complex the spandrels of different arches were decorated with various floral designs, for example deodhi Mubarak, Grey hall, Army head quarter and foreign department building, Royal entrance etc.
5. Columns / Pillars:- Columns/ Pillars are provided not only for the purpose of aesthetic look but also to act as load bearing members. In Mubarak Mabarak Mandhi palace complex pillars were provided at the main entrances and at the comers of both Green Hall/Grey hall and the army headquarter and foreign department buildings. The pillars were raised up to the cornice below the parapet railing, which provided good aesthetic look to both the buildings. These pillars were made octagonal and material used was stone and brick masonry. However, the pillars, which were provided inside were meant not only for aesthetic look but also to bear the load of the building. Inside the Green Hall building, pillars were provided at regular intervals.
Twin pillars:- Twin pillars inside the grey hall building still exist in good. These twin pillars were comprised of two half visible pillars. The outer halves of these pillars seem to have been embedded in the walls meant to carry and support the roof slab. These pillars vanish towards the top such as seen in case of warm eye view of the sky scrapper. These twin pillars were provided at a point where the passage named as corridor and now days used as waiting hall. The height of these pillars is about 43 feet and 2 feet being consumed by the corniced decoration.

(i) Single pillar; this type pillar is to be found embedded into the wall of the grey hall. The capital of the pillar was decorated by carving the petals of Petunia flower. The petals of flower were painted in silver grey colour paint and the pillar was painted alternately with green and silver grey colours. This floral design is very prominent on the top of the pillars of grey hall building. The design was skillfully carved by the artisans of the time. All these pillars are highly carved and circular in plan.
(ii) Circular columns: Circular columns are also found on the external façade of Raja Ram Singh’s palace. These columns were provided not only for the purpose of aesthetics but also to act as load bearing columns. The material used in the construction of these columns was bricks, surkhi and lime and plastered with gypsum mortar.
(6) Railing: Railings were provided at various buildings of the Mubarak Mandi complex. Railing was made up of iron of high quality. These railings were well decorated by highly skilled artisans of Dogra rulers with great care and devotion. These have been used in the balconies of raja ram singh’s palace, Nava Mahal, Maharani Charaki palace, green haqll, Army headquarter and foreign department buildings. Unfortunately the projected balconies of Raja ram Singh’s palace and nava mahal have collapsed and vanished. Only the lower portion of Raja ram Singh’s Palace balcony supported by the iron brackets still exists on the rearside. However railings of different designs still exits in the projected balcony of Maharani Charaki palace and in the verandas of ground and first floor and on the parapet of the Green Hall and Army headquarter and Foreign department buildings.
(7) Ceiling: Wooden ceiling have been filled with various floral designs in Kashmiri pattern. Some ceilings in the palace complex were highly skillfully carved in plaster of paris in various floral and geometrical designs. The light colour of these designs emligtened when the light from outside falls on the ceiling. It is a great fascinating piece of art of Dogra artisans of that period.
(8) Artificial and projected balconies: Artificial balcony type structures have been found at the first floor of Green Hall and Army headquarters buildings. These were provided only for the aesthetic look and ventilation of the buildings. Their provision on the suitable sites helped the structure to regain its rigidity. The balcony from inside looks like a semi-circular arch and from out side the spandrel of the arch was decorated with various floral designs.
Projected balconies were provided at the third floor of Raja Ram Singh’s palace building and at the second floor of Nava Mahal, unfortunately which have collapsed. But only the lower portion of balcony of Raja ram Singh’s palace remained and the balcony of Nava Mahal completely vanished from the scene. The balcony running all along the façade of Raja Ram Singh’s is a recent construction and supported by steel girders. The projected balconies found at tge first second floors of Maharani Charaki are still in good condition. The balcony which runs along the riverside is supported by decorative cost iron brackets. The balcony is well decorated with iron railing and pointed arches of iron containing various floral patterns. These pointed arches of cost iron were provided to bear the load of projection roof of balcony and the iron bracket beers the load of whole structure. These artificial and projected balconies had further added beauty to the aesthetic look of these buildings.
(9) Other structure features of Mubarak Mandi palace complex: Other structural features of Mubarak Mandi palace complex are triangular pediments, segmental and broken pediments, doors and windows, brackets, domical vaults above the deodhis etc.
(B) Decorative features: In addition to the structural features, the Dogra master building adopted several decorative feature. They used theses decorative features in order to enhance and add to the aesthetic beauty of the palace complex. The decorative elements used by the Dogra builders while constructing the buildings of palace complex, were as under:
1. Gravel stones
2. Mosaic
3. Stucco
4. Geometrical designs
5. Motifs
(1) Gravel stones: gravel stones were used to decorate various buildings of Mubarak Mandi palace complex. This type of decoration has been found immensely on the external walls of buildings like Grey hall, Army Headquarter and foreign department building maharani Charaki palace. Some features of these gravel stones decoration have also been found on the columns of arches, in the ground floor ruins of Maharaja Partap Singh’s palace. These small gravel stones were arranged in various geometrical and floral designs and also fixed in regular manner in the shape of chain, almost in a fret motif
(2) Mosaic: The word ‘Mosaic came from the Greek word ‘Mousaikon’ and it means polished. Mosaic is composed of small pieces of glass, stones, marble and other materials called tesserae12. Mosaic work was done on the walls or floors in the form of various geometrical or representational and floral designs. In Mubarak Mandi palace complex, the lavish chambers of Maharami Charaki palace were beautifully decorated with mosaic work. But due to the pathetic attitude of callous government and vagaries of nature have finished the aesthetic work of mosaic.
(3) Stucco: Stucco is a slow setting plaster. It is basically composed of gypsum, sand and slacked lime with other substances. The main purpose of stuccowork is to make the surface plain. Stuccowork is employed on the walls of soffit for making incised, low relief or painting work, to facilitate modeling and ensure durability.
In Mubarak Mandi palace complex the stucco work is found on the ceilings and walls of several buildings, for example Grey hall, Army headquarter and foreign department building etc. When light outside falls on these ceilings and walls, the designs and other decorative works on them get enlightened.
(4) Geometrical designs: The geometrical designs can be square, triangular, rectangular, circular, oval, conical, octagonal, pentagonal etc. in India the use of geometrical designs is very old. It is evident from the Dhamka Stupa at sarnath constructed during Gupta period in around fifth century A.D.17 geometrical designs have also been found on the ceilings of Ajanta and Ellora caves i.e. in cave No. 1 and cave no. 32 respectively.
In Mubarak Mandi palace complex too the use of geometrical designs on the ceilings and walls of few buildings is extensive. They are found in the following buildings of Mubarak mandi palace complex like grey hall, pink hall, Maharani Charaki palace, army head guarter and foreign department building etc.
(5) Motifs: Dogra artisans have employed different styles of motifs on the various buildings of Mubarak Mandi palace complex, for example Grey hall, deodhi Mubarak, pink hall, royal entrance, army headquarter and foreign department building, maharani Charaki palace etc. Some of them specific to Jammu region and others adopted from outside. The motifs which have been used on different structures of these buildings such as pillars, brackets, crown of the dome and cupolas, spandrel of arches, charkas etc. These motifs are lotus, Chinar leaves, petals of petunia flower, sunflower and various other floral motifs, etc.
(i) Lotus (Kamal): Lotus is one of the oldest Hindu and Buddhists symbol before it is used by other faiths. It represents the principal of growth and also seat of God brahma. The Lotus is an ancient motif and it is widely used in India from the earliest times.19
In Mubarak Mandi palace complex this motif is used to decorate tops of the domes of Gole Ghar building. The inverted petals of lotus were used to form the Padmakosa. This type of padmakosa decoration found almost in all mughal buildings, for example Taj Mahal. Humayn Tomb etc. these petals were also used to decorate the jharokas of various buildings, for example palace of raja Amar Singh, Garvi khana building, Pink hall etc.
(ii) chinar Leaf: This type of motif had been found on various buildings in Mubarak Mandi palace complex, for example grey Hall, Army Headquarter and Foreign Department and Nava Mahal buildings. The Chinar leaves motif used to decorate the main entrances of grey hall and Army Headquarter and Foreign Department buildings and the basement wall of Nava Mahal above the ground level. Chinar trees mostly found in Kashmir and hence it appears that Dogra builders adopted various motifs of different regions.
(6) Other decorative features of Mubarak Mandi palace complex: Other decorative featres of Mubarak Mandi Palace complex are motifs of false arches and doors and several other floral motifs have also been found on the walls of various buildings of the palace complex for example the palace of Raja Amar Singh, Garvi khana building, Pink hall etc.

Sunday, November 15, 2009

TOURISM

Jammu tourism needs value addition

By Mahesh Kaul


Tourism cannot grow in isolation. The intangibility and multiplier effect that are inherent components of every tourism product make it special and delicate. Tourism is not just marketing of a destination area without creating a proper infrastructure for the tourist intake and thereby neglecting the carrying capacity. Tourism means value addition with changing customer demand and taste. If timely value addition of a tourism product is not made possible with professional skill then there is every possibility of its decay prematurely.
Value addition leads to prolonged tourist stay in the destination area. The longer the stay of the tourist in the destination area, the more is credibility quotient. Jammu has been the focus of attention primarily due to the pilgrimage tourism. And the source of attraction being the Shrine of Mata Vaishno Devi. The planners and policy makers have not been able to expand the tourism circuit of Jammu properly beyond Mata Vaishno Devi. The reason being simple - the ignorance of heritage potential of the Jammu region. Jammu has been the seat of power and epicentre of rich cultural heritage. The forts, palaces, educational institutions being the tangible part of the folklores, and other art forms that are unique to this region. Both these aspects have not been focussed upon and well documented. If these aspects are incorporated into the tourism circuit in phased and planned manner when the tourism of Jammu region will be phenomenal success. As the focus has never been on heritage in technical terms - it has lead to the destruction of the heritage in this region.
Historical palaces, temples and forts are in shambles due to lack of proper conservation and preservation. If anywhere restoration has been carried out that too has been done with incompatible material. Thus altering the heritage character of building or monument.
The historic Mubarak Mandi is an apt example of vandalism, ignorance and lack of the sense of heritage on the part of one and all.
These are numerous examples of the lack of sense of heritage in the Jammu region.
This negligence has minimised the tourism potential of this region.
If the tourism potential of the Jammu region has to be made sustainable then the policymakers and tourism planners will have to understand that involvement of professionals at various levels from diverse fields is the need of the hour.
The tourist stay can be prolonged if the itinerary is crafted with professional skill. The involvement of historians, conservators, tourism management professionals and expert bodies like ASI is of paramount importance.
To create tourist gaze in Jammu region. We need to focus on the following crucial areas.
* Listing and documentation of heritage sites and monuments.
* Conservation and preservation of these sites and monuments.
* Incorporation of these sites and monuments into the tourism circuit.
* An analysis of the tourist carrying capacity.
We have no proper listing and documentation mechanism for the heritage sites and monuments. This has resulted in their vandalism and negligence. Once these sites and monuments are listed and documented it will lead to heritage tourism in this region.
The next stage should be to involve professionally trained conservators, architects and historians for their restoration so that these monuments and sites becomes the symbols of tourism of this region and add an element of sustainability to it. Once these sites and monuments are restored then these can be easily incorporated into the tourism circuit. This will be the real value addition to the tourism of the Jammu region.
This will also ease the pressure on the limited circuit of tourism due to Mata Vaishno Devi.
A proper frame work for the carrying capacity analysis should also be devised so that the tourist influx can be accommodated and managed properly.
Another aspect that needs special focus is that global climate challenge is posing a serious threat to the heritage structures all over the world. In the coming years, as per the UNESCO, prominent heritage sites will be out of the heritage list. This means that the heritage structures need special professional and technical attention if we want our posterity to know about their roots.
To sum up, Jammu tourism can be converted into sustainable tourism product if the above mentioned inputs are in corporated for its value addition

MISSION

HERITAGE INITIATIVE FOUNDATION has been conceived as an idea that views the heritage and culture as a man's response to the nature.The refinement of human thoughts leads to their crystallisation in the form of monuments of religious and historical significance significance.It includes a variety of structures and dwelling places that are paramount for the sustenance of life.This process does not start in isolation as it includes the environment,landscape and geography of a place where an ethnic or religious group shapes its culture.It is a mosaic of all the ingredients that a nature can offer and ultimately structures emerge on the habitats and homelands of the aboriginal societies and the religious groups.and materials used to shape these structures are locally available and compatible that give the structures their uniqueness.That is the tangible part of the heritage.
The intangible part involves the celebration of life in these natural habitats and homelands which are in harmony with the nature and the specific environs.These includes the beliefs,folklore,folk songs beside other cultural moorings like the handicrafts and the celebration of festivals and ceremonies that define the cultural contours of the aboriginal groups and define their ethnic and religious growth and social structure.
The conflict in terms of religious fanaticism and terrorism that has engulfed these places has poses a serious existential threat not only to the heritage located in these regions but to the overall existence of these indigenous communities as well.The reason being the persecution and the religious onslaught inflicted on these stakeholders in their homeland forcing them to flee to safer places for safeguarding their life and culture.This ethnic cleansing inflicted on the religious minorities is the direct consequence of the religious terrorism directed to encircle these minority groups after reducing their numbers by conversion and persecution over the centuries in collaboration of the political class which acts as a shield for the destruction of these minorities at all intellectual levels and destruction of heritage being the cardinal prinicple of the elimination process.
HERITAGE INITIATIVE FOUNDATION aims to adopt a multi pronged strategy with a researchers bent of mind to create a data base of the present and past condition of all forms of heritage at these places.The mission of the HERITAGE INITIATIVE FOUNDATION is to focus on the restoration,conservation ,preservation and above all the sensitization of all the stakeholders to inspire and educate them regarding the significance of the heritage .At the same time HERITAGE INITIATIVE FOUNDATION has a defined role to evolve a strategy that helps to recreate the aura of heritage in the market space in term of the tourism products that can influence the tourism policy makers to take heritage as an essential ingredient of the overall business.allowing the stakeholders to keep their heritage alive with the capital that comes into the heritage zone with the influx of the heritage and cultural tourists.HERITAGE INITIATIVE FOUNDATION is a catalyst that believes in relieving the heritage from the oblivion of the past to the dawn of present to celebrate the significance of the past wisdom and glory for human harmony and well being.As HERITAGE INITIATIVE FOUNDATION has a philosophy which stresses that the memory is a shield and heritage is an eternal artery of that shield and if this artery is blocked then it will lead to the collapse of the people who are its main stakeholders.So in "HERITAGE LIES THE HEART" of the ethnic communities.

Saturday, November 14, 2009

TOURIST SPOTS OF RELIGIOUS SINIFICANCE


PEER KHO TEMPLE
A.K.KHANNA

Peer Kho or Cave Temple situated about two kms from the Residence Road, on the outer circular road, just ½ km by taking right turn from t Peer Mohalla down toward the Tawi bank in Jammu city. The first terrace of the River of Jammu Tawi The Siva Cave shrine located on the eastern slopes of the city just aboveThe Shrine of the Peer Kho Temple is one of the old Temples of ‘the City of Temples’. A large number of devotees throng on Puranmashi, Amavasya and Ekadashi. The important festivals held are Shivratri, Purnima amd Shravan Puranmashi or Raksha Bandhan. The lingam located inside a small calm and peaceful cave shrine embellished with white marble rectangular platform. The black stone Lingam decorated with a copper snake or Naga and Silver sheet covering the Jallari or Yoni, topped by a copper vessel hanging to pour water continuously on the Lingam. The lower part of the body of the Lingam and other features are similar to the shrine of Purmandal Temple complex and probably belong to the same period of early Dogra regime. The Peer Kho Temple and Peer Mitha are two old Temples located in the city of temples and lesser known among the people of Jammu city. During the reign of Raja Ajaib Dev, for the Saint Siddha Ghareeb Nath entitled Peer, the temple built in 15th century A.D according to the unconfirmed historical records, the two caves are twenty to thirty feet below the ground level. The Peer Kho cave temple has a lot of reverence among the local people of the old city. The shrine cave of Lord Shiva also known as Jamvant cave belongs on an old historic spot. It is located amidst igneous rocks topped by the sedimentary deposit of the River and acacia jungle in Northeast of Jammu city on the side of circular road above the terrace of Tawi River. The pink engrailed high arched gateway with a white marble stairs with a railing leads to the temple complex into a long verandah, with marble and mosaic flooring, which opens to another entrance on the opposite side from the Pacca Danga via Zullaka Mohalla. The marble railing leads through the high gateway with Burz flanked on either side of the roof. The courtyard flanked by the three shikhara on the left side with two modern and one ancient. The low round ribbed Gumbad or dome merged with the modern structure with stone finial and an inverted lotus. This served as the entrance to the cave shrines further cut into the boulder conglomerate deposit of the River Tawi, which formed due to the successive flooding, and receding of water for centuries. The round domed entrance leading to the caves embellished with beautiful later Mughal or Dogra style paintings on the ceiling with floral motifs in the centre of the dome. The pillared arched niches on the periphery of wall and ceiling painted with Dogra style painting similar to the motifs of Ram Nagar Palace complex in Udhampur District of Jammu province. The colour scheme & the style of paintings invariablely prove that the paintings belong to the mid 19th century of Jammu school of painting with emphasis on the indigo colour. The other rectangular shikhara‘s on either side with brass finials are of recent origin. There is a Devi temple built on the right side of it in the corner of courtyard with white marble miniature temple shrine embellished with beautiful image of a goddess in a glass casing. On right side, there is a series of rooms served as the residential quarters for the staff of the temple. The present Mahant of the temple is Peer Rattan Nath who holds the Gadhi or the ownership of the temple. The round domed entrance leads to a small opening to a low-level passage and bifurcates into the Amar Nath Guffa cave on the right side. The low ceiling channel further leads to a round Siva shrine or the Amar Nath Cave Siva Temple or known as Jamvant Cave after one of the Heroes of the famous Indian Epic of the Ramayana. There is another small opening on the left side goes further downwards to the Nav Durga Guffa or shrine with a long grilled temple decorated with life size idols of lord Rama, Sita, Lord Vishnu & other Gods & Goddesses. The narrow means of access further extended in a winding manner to a large covered courtyard and further down extended into another small opening to the Nau Devi’s Guffa or Nine Devi’s Cave shrine. The long platform with statues of nine Goddesses in attractive red robes a wonderful view to behold in a cave shrine. These Nav Devi’s namely are Shri Mata Shella Puri Devi, Shri Mata Bhadrachani Devi, Shri Mata Chandra Ghanta Devi, Shri Mata Sakandanatha Devi, Shri Mata Kushamandra Devi , Shri Mata Katyani Devi ,Shri Mata Kalarathri Devi, Shri Mata Maha Devi ,Shri Mata Siddi Devi. There is separate passage for entry and exist of the Cave which excavated into an igneous rock which twenty feets below the level of the temple. The peaceful, calm and serene place is suitable for spiritual attainment. The temple courtyard has a Tulsi plant pedestal in the premises, which also indicate fine reflection of the Dogra style of architecture found in Ram Nagar palace at Ram Nagar and at Zorawar Singh Residence cum Palace Complex of Vijaypur in Reasi (Udhampur Distt. of Jammu province). The unique feature of the temple is the Ghoraknath eternal Dhunni or continuous smoke-emitting shrine in the centre of the temple. There is small Samadhi of Shri Peer Shiv Nath as his memorial just opposite the main entrance from Peer Kho Mohalla Side. On the right side of the main entrance, there is a small shrine of Shani Devata. The white metal standing image of Lord Shani placed on a square platform worshipped by the local people in large number on every Saturday. The temple is located on the riverbank provide the fresh air and beautiful scenery to the visitors. There are many handicrafts and handlooms shops with a variety of crafted souvenirs for the visitors who happen to visit the temple daily on the dead end road of the Peer Kho Mohalla. The whole temple has been built on a high-elevated artificial platform to prevent the flooding of the water of the Tawi River in the rainy season. The temple requires more area for parking, the white marble staircase required to make unslippery by roughing the marble steps that is dangerous to use in the rainy season. The proper signage at the Circular Road needs improvement for easy access to the temple. The temple also requires some benches for the devotees to take some rest after visiting the temple and some viewing points on the Western side of the temple with proper shed and benches so that visitors take rest and enjoy the beautiful scenery of the River and beyond.

Peer Kho or Cave Temple situated about two kms from the Residence Road, on the outer circular road, just ½ km by taking right turn from t Peer Mohalla down toward the Tawi bank in Jammu city. The first terrace of the River of Jammu Tawi The Siva Cave shrine located on the eastern slopes of the city just aboveThe Shrine of the Peer Kho Temple is one of the old Temples of ‘the City of Temples’. A large number of devotees throng on Puranmashi, Amavasya and Ekadashi. The important festivals held are Shivratri, Purnima amd Shravan Puranmashi or Raksha Bandhan. The lingam located inside a small calm and peaceful cave shrine embellished with white marble rectangular platform. The black stone Lingam decorated with a copper snake or Naga and Silver sheet covering the Jallari or Yoni, topped by a copper vessel hanging to pour water continuously on the Lingam. The lower part of the body of the Lingam and other features are similar to the shrine of Purmandal Temple complex and probably belong to the same period of early Dogra regime. The Peer Kho Temple and Peer Mitha are two old Temples located in the city of temples and lesser known among the people of Jammu city. During the reign of Raja Ajaib Dev, for the Saint Siddha Ghareeb Nath entitled Peer, the temple built in 15th century A.D according to the unconfirmed historical records, the two caves are twenty to thirty feet below the ground level. The Peer Kho cave temple has a lot of reverence among the local people of the old city. The shrine cave of Lord Shiva also known as Jamvant cave belongs on an old historic spot. It is located amidst igneous rocks topped by the sedimentary deposit of the River and acacia jungle in Northeast of Jammu city on the side of circular road above the terrace of Tawi River. The pink engrailed high arched gateway with a white marble stairs with a railing leads to the temple complex into a long verandah, with marble and mosaic flooring, which opens to another entrance on the opposite side from the Pacca Danga via Zullaka Mohalla. The marble railing leads through the high gateway with Burz flanked on either side of the roof. The courtyard flanked by the three shikhara on the left side with two modern and one ancient. The low round ribbed Gumbad or dome merged with the modern structure with stone finial and an inverted lotus. This served as the entrance to the cave shrines further cut into the boulder conglomerate deposit of the River Tawi, which formed due to the successive flooding, and receding of water for centuries. The round domed entrance leading to the caves embellished with beautiful later Mughal or Dogra style paintings on the ceiling with floral motifs in the centre of the dome. The pillared arched niches on the periphery of wall and ceiling painted with Dogra style painting similar to the motifs of Ram Nagar Palace complex in Udhampur District of Jammu province. The colour scheme & the style of paintings invariablely prove that the paintings belong to the mid 19th century of Jammu school of painting with emphasis on the indigo colour. The other rectangular shikhara‘s on either side with brass finials are of recent origin. There is a Devi temple built on the right side of it in the corner of courtyard with white marble miniature temple shrine embellished with beautiful image of a goddess in a glass casing. On right side, there is a series of rooms served as the residential quarters for the staff of the temple. The present Mahant of the temple is Peer Rattan Nath who holds the Gadhi or the ownership of the temple. The round domed entrance leads to a small opening to a low-level passage and bifurcates into the Amar Nath Guffa cave on the right side. The low ceiling channel further leads to a round Siva shrine or the Amar Nath Cave Siva Temple or known as Jamvant Cave after one of the Heroes of the famous Indian Epic of the Ramayana. There is another small opening on the left side goes further downwards to the Nav Durga Guffa or shrine with a long grilled temple decorated with life size idols of lord Rama, Sita, Lord Vishnu & other Gods & Goddesses. The narrow means of access further extended in a winding manner to a large covered courtyard and further down extended into another small opening to the Nau Devi’s Guffa or Nine Devi’s Cave shrine. The long platform with statues of nine Goddesses in attractive red robes a wonderful view to behold in a cave shrine. These Nav Devi’s namely are Shri Mata Shella Puri Devi, Shri Mata Bhadrachani Devi, Shri Mata Chandra Ghanta Devi, Shri Mata Sakandanatha Devi, Shri Mata Kushamandra Devi , Shri Mata Katyani Devi ,Shri Mata Kalarathri Devi, Shri Mata Maha Devi ,Shri Mata Siddi Devi. There is separate passage for entry and exist of the Cave which excavated into an igneous rock which twenty feets below the level of the temple. The peaceful, calm and serene place is suitable for spiritual attainment. The temple courtyard has a Tulsi plant pedestal in the premises, which also indicate fine reflection of the Dogra style of architecture found in Ram Nagar palace at Ram Nagar and at Zorawar Singh Residence cum Palace Complex of Vijaypur in Reasi (Udhampur Distt. of Jammu province). The unique feature of the temple is the Ghoraknath eternal Dhunni or continuous smoke-emitting shrine in the centre of the temple. There is small Samadhi of Shri Peer Shiv Nath as his memorial just opposite the main entrance from Peer Kho Mohalla Side. On the right side of the main entrance, there is a small shrine of Shani Devata. The white metal standing image of Lord Shani placed on a square platform worshipped by the local people in large number on every Saturday. The temple is located on the riverbank provide the fresh air and beautiful scenery to the visitors. There are many handicrafts and handlooms shops with a variety of crafted souvenirs for the visitors who happen to visit the temple daily on the dead end road of the Peer Kho Mohalla. The whole temple has been built on a high-elevated artificial platform to prevent the flooding of the water of the Tawi River in the rainy season. The temple requires more area for parking, the white marble staircase required to make unslippery by roughing the marble steps that is dangerous to use in the rainy season. The proper signage at the Circular Road needs improvement for easy access to the temple. The temple also requires some benches for the devotees to take some rest after visiting the temple and some viewing points on the Western side of the temple with proper shed and benches so that visitors take rest and enjoy the beautiful scenery of the River and beyond.

Thursday, November 12, 2009

TRADITION

HANDICRAFTS OF JAMMU



A. K. KHANNA

Indian art and handicrafts have since time immemorial captivated the imagination of tourist globally. Every state of India boasts of an exclusively and specialty to its art form, handicraft and traditional skill depending upon its historical influences and raw material available due to climatic and geographical conditions. India is renowned for its variety of paintings, beautiful sculptures in stone, metal, terracotta and elegantly designed ethnic jewellry.

Indian handicrafts have made a name for themselves the world over. Ancient skill since the tradition established in Indian from 3000 B.C. Nature creations and imagination of man gave shape to his art forms in making of pots, jewelry, ivory combs etc. Ancient skills perfected by the craftsmen who have learnt the art from their father, as did their fathers before them. This tradition continues over the centuries safeguarding the wide and varied artistic wealth of India. The institution of the learning and passing the same skill of the next generation is so strong for example the shape of water pot and size of Gharha has not changed since 5000 years inspite of having no school / college teaching the technique of making and firing the pot.

This tradition unfolds itself in an overwhelming variety of products, combining aesthetic appeal with utilitarian value. These handicrafts are like breath of fresh air in of plastic and polymers around you. The high caliber of skill exhibited in creating the products has stood the test of time.

The present era of liberalization and free trade threatened the handicrafts made mainly by the local and ruler people. Almost all handicrafts available in a market of particular place found among the tourist. The tourists provide safeguard to the employment and livelihood to the artisans who create handicraft of a region. In the same way the Handicrafts of Jammu found a market among the tourist in and around Raghunath Bazaar of Jammu.

BAMBOO PRODUCTS
The bamboo products such as flower vases, fruit bowls, furniture, lamp shades, magazine, racks, paper trays etc. are made in the Kathua District.

BLANKETS
The finest woolen blankets are manufactured in Kishtwar. The best ones comes in red and white or grey and white check designs in natural colour or dyed with vegetable and natural dyes and made on handlooms. The puttu of Kishtwar could compete the Hand made Tweed of Reid & Taylor of England if refined in its technique.

These are some villages in Samba (Ghagwal) on the NHIA which make blankets all over the year around and sell them in local religious festival & fair in various parts of the state.

The pattu of Kishtwar and other part of the state manufactured in variety of shade and thickness. The blankets are woven in Banni and Billawar, Kathua, Lati and Ramnagar of Udhampur, Bhaderwah in Doda, Poonch and Rajouri District for local requirement. All over the year round market for these blankets or loie could be noticed on the pavement of the entrance of Jammu railway station.

BRASS, COPPER AND OTHER METAL WORKS
The art of making metal ware goes back to Indus- Saraswati civilization. The continuity of the art tradition of metal ware in Jammu region with vessels for domestic use, Jammu smiths make hookah, bowls, idols and items made of hand beaten metal sheets. The dying craft have few families in Udhampur, Samba and Basohli who practice this traditional craft.

CALICO AND CLIRITZ
Samba once flourishing cotton weaving and calico printing handloom Industry vanished in 1947 as the talented craftsmen of Samba fled to Pakistan. The calico printing, block of wood with floral and geometric designs carved on them smeared with vegetable dyes and then press on the cotton cloth will now part of the display in the Dogra Art Gallery, Jammu.

Masands and jajams (with difficult floral pattern) are cotton sheets printed with wooden blocks. These were used as floor covering, divans and floors in living and dining rooms. This art has similarity with the cotton block printing of Sanganer near Jaipur. The peculiar water and climate produce this printing on cotton. Samba has few pockets left where these calico printing handloom Industry still surviving without support and slowing the craft will its own death.

CARPETS
Carpets made in Jammu are made in some handicraft centers in Kathua, Poonch and Udhampur.

CHIKRI WOOD
Thana Mandi, in Rajouri District is known for rare Chikri tree. Kitsch handicrafts made from the wood are in great demand among all the categories of tourists. The wood is hard, fine grain and light yellow in colour with excellent property for carving on. Apart from toys ashtrays, bowls, cups, spoons and table knives are made. The introduction of the microwave oven also increased the demand of variety of wooden spoons. The Ramnagar town in Udhampur District has one artist who make Chikri wood comb require support for his survival for the dying art.

DURRIES
They are inexpensive cotton floor covering or placed under mattress on beds. They are made in several parts of Jammu. These thick sheets made of cotton, now modified with the increase in cotton prices instead from the cutting of the waste clothes.

EMBROIDERY
With variation in material and work leads to the variety of embroidery done in the various parts of the Jammu province .The shawls embroidered in the” Sozniway” in Kathua, Poonch, Rajouri district .Crewel embroidery is done in Poonch, Rajouri and Udhampur district. Staple or ari work carried out in Kathua, Poonch, and Rajouri district. This specific handicraft survived with the demand from the higher strata of the society in “designer’s showroom” only.

The ingenious art of Chamba Rummala are disappearing from the craft items of Basohli due to coming of machine embroidery.

FOOTWEAR – GUJJARS AND BAKERWAL
These shoes manufactured for rough and tough use are made in the various villages on the nomad’s migration routes. Their Machedi and Banni in Basohli are some of these places where shoes are made for Gujjars and Bakerwal.

JEWELRY
The traditional Dogra rural designs are reproduced like Nose Ring with extra large with a large precious stone embedded, bangles, the chhaunk phool or a metal cap, silver anklets and Talismans or Taveez are among few favorites of the hill folks. They prefer jewelry made of pure or alloyed silver.

JEWELRY GUJJAR AND BAKERWAL
The true exotic chunky jewelry now preferred in the metropolitan cities worn by the women of nomadic Gujjar and Bakerwal tribes. It is invariably of silver or white metal. Kathua is the main centers of manufacture of this type of jewelry with many jewelers of Basohli also make this type of jewelry.

Gujjar Bakerwal jewelry is also manufactured and sold at Bhaderwah, Doda, Kishtwar and Samba. The heavy and chunky jewelry items of these tribes are displayed in the Dogra Art Gallery, Jammu.

THE LACQUER WOOD WORK
The Chikri or Kitsch toys, rolling pin, table lamps , bowls and vases are painted with brown colour and then coated with the protective layer of transparent film of lacquer. The wood done in Thana Mandi, in Rajouri, Kanha Chak of Jammu city, Bernali of Kathua districts are centers this type of handicraft.

LEATHER WORK
The leather work is done in Vijaypur and Khour in the Jammu district among the best in the region.

MATS
The palm leaf products as house hold articles like mats, baskets, hand fans and other articles made in the Sungwali, Nagari, Airway Good and Kore-Pune villages of Kathua district. These products get good market in the local religions festivals of the Jammu region. These products also get space in the drawing rooms of the metro city elite class people.

STONE SCLUPTURE
The few families of Saryara in Basohli have skill to carve figures in stone survived which from centuries doing the work of stone carving figures for the Boalies in the Jammu region.

PASHMINA SHAWLS
After Kashmir and Kullu pashmina shawls, the shawls of Basohli are important of handicraft in the Jammu region. The finely woven shawls of pashmina made the weaver of Basohli are ethnic Kashmir who has fled to the Jammu, Punjab and Himachal in the late 19th century due to the lack of demand of shawls in Europe.

SILK
There is huge quantity of silk produced in the Ramnagar belt of the Udhampur district. Since 19th century the merchants from Beneras ( U.P) and Mysore(Karnataka ) to buy the cocoon of silk. There are few products made in the Jammu region like tasseled or ornament to bind their hair and men weave fine cords of silk for their pyjamas.

WICKER WORK OR WILLOW BASKET
Various kinds of baskets and trays are made in Bhaderwah and Doda cities for local consumption.

TERRACOTTA TOYS
The ancient terracotta of Manda of Indus Valley Civilization which continued upto the 6th century A.D. with Greek influences could not survive the ravages of time.

PHULKARI / BAGH
The native craft of Punjab Phulkari is a colour sheet of cloth every millimeter of it covered with geometric and floral embroidery. The glaring and glossy look of the thread used is unfinished rough dyed silken floss.

The women wear shawls made of the Phulkari. The local craftsmen, migrated to various region of Jammu province still carry out the work for personal consumption in Kathua, Poonch, and Rajouri and Udhampur district.

PERFUMES
The perfumes sold in Jammu near Jama Masjid, Talab Khatikan and Raghunath Bazaar are made most in the perfume town of Kannanj in Central India. The Jasmine and rose perfume are made in Jammu shopped at one of the corner shop in the city chowk.

MINIATURE PAINTING OF BASOHLI
Early Basohli painting tradition began in 17th century A.D. are known for their vibrant colour Hume faces and tree are stylized rather in their realistic form. They lack depth and prescriptive as in the nature paintings of Mughal phase.

The various schools flourished in the erstwhile estate of Jammu region like Jammu, Poonch, Ramnagar, Jasrota etc. with the support of the artists from the neighbouring state of Himachal Pradesh. The efforts made of Shri Parvez Diwan for the re-birth of the Basohli School of Painting is worth praising still require some efforts from the court / NGO to come forward to save the dying art of the painting.

TOURISM

Tourism cannot thrive in isolation



MAHESH KAUL

Mahesh Kaul
Tourism is an economic activity that has impact on almost every sphere of human life. It cannot thrive in isolation as it depends on peripheral industries like transportation, accommodation etc. But with the passage of time and the economic boom all over the world, the tourist demand has been affected in many ways as it has made great impact on the disposable income. This has been a blessing for the destinations that have spots of great tourist appeal. The influx of tourists to the destinations areas has solved the problem of the host community to some extent.

But unfortunately the planners and policy makers in majority of the destination areas marketed the destination without taking into consideration the carrying capacity, infrastructure and other parameters like the cultural beliefs of the host populations. It has resulted in conflict between the host and the guest (tourist). But handling of such conflicts to some extent has been manageable.

Another important factor that is posing a serious challenge to the tourism professionals, policy makers and the tourism organisations is the “climate change”. No part of the world is today free from this threat to the environment and hence, tourism. The world climate is today guided by uncertainties. In the present scenario the realties of tourism within the context of global climate change are in terms of its impacts as far as adaptation to it at tourism destinations are concerned and the economic risks of climate change. It leads to tourism “vulnerability hot spots”. Other realities are the implication for the tourism demand at the destination area, impact on the climate as resource for tourism, tourist behavior arising from climate change, impact of the mitigation policies on tourism demand. Emissions from tourism activities, the calculation of emissions from the tourism sector and its mitigation policies have caught the imagination of all the professionals linked with the tourism directly or indirectly.

To meet the challenges posed by the global climate change the United Nations World Tourism Organization(UNWTO) has proposed this years theme for the World Tourism Day as -”Tourism: Responding to the Challenge of Climate Change.” The determination to face this challenge lies in the input from the 2nd International Conference on Climate Change and Tourism, convened by the UN World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), United nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the World Meteorological Organization(WMO) in Davos, Switzerland in 2007, now popularly known as Davos Declaration. The stress has been laid to change habits, position renewable sources of energy, encouraging the tourism stakeholders to adapt, to mitigate and to use new technology. Emphasis is also to secure finance for the poor countries to respond to the climate change.

Davos declaration has helped to identify the following challenges that need to be faced head on as far as the global climate change is concerned:

1) Effective policy making

2) Capacity building

3) Financial Systems to support adaptation and mitigation activities

4) Reduction of knowledge gaps

5) Address vulnerability hot spots

6) Multidisciplinary action

Effective policy making is key to any plan that can be materialized into workable action plan. It needs the inclusion of professionals from various fields that have bearing on tourism product or destination. Capacity building is needed not only in terms of the destination but also in terms of the human resource that are involved in the handling of tourism. It is more or less linked with imparting the adaptation techniques to see threats in terms of climate change as opportunities. For that the scientific methods need to be simplified and not oversimplified so that the adaptation does not loose its luster.

Financial support system is the backbone of any economic activity. The policy of setting up of financial support systems for the adaptation and mitigation activities is based on the policy that the developed countries will not be allowed to discriminate against the developing countries. It has been clearly stated in the Davos declaration that the adaptation to respond to climate change is meant for the developing countries and the mitigation of carbon products is meant for the developed nations.

Reduction of knowledge gaps means that the technical know how should be communicated in effective manner from the experts and scientists to common people in simplified language so that there is no communication barrier. Thus leading transformation to be seen in the destination area in vivid manner.

To address the vulnerability spots is the key area of concern. The attention should be focused on the areas that are prone to natural calamities like tropical storms, heavy rains, floods, drought, coastal erosion etc. so that the adaptability measures are implemented to minimize the adverse effect on the tourism and the tourist activity.

As already said in the beginning- tourism cannot thrive in isolation. It involves the support of various peripheral organizations and fields like transport, railways, airways, waterways, scientific community (like geographers, conservators, conservation architects, historians etc.) Thus integration of these experts and many more is required to develop multidisciplinary action to face the threat of global climate change in order to develop sustainable tourism for better, peaceful and eco-friendly world.

Heritage Preservation for Enhancing Tourism Potential

Heritage Preservation for Enhancing Tourism Potential



A case of ethno-religious conflict zone

MAHESH KAUL

Mahesh Kaul
HERITAGE is the most used and misused word. It’s in terpretation becomes confusing and dubious when the environment in which it is defined is politically volatile. It is always defined without analyzing its association with the social system and roots that have made it to evolve over the period of time. Heritage is a time consuming process. What we see as heritage today whether tangible or intangible is the refined product influenced by the process of refinement that has with stood the test of the time.

Heritage leads to the evolution of culture and monuments that bear testimony to the particular time period from where they originated. It highlights the customs and religious inclinations of a particular social group or community. Culture and heritage are closely intertwined. There can be no two thoughts about the fact that the community possessing a rich culture is bound to have a even greater heritage to look back.

Heritage should be a source of enrichment and empowerment. It should not be the source of conflict socially and politically. Thus leading to the eruption of emotions, which in turn pave the way for the exploitation by the political establishments that are ever ready to hijack sophisticated heritage and historical issues for misusing them for polarizing the society in terms of vote banks.

This aspect is more important in this state of J&K which is already divided on ethnic and communal lines, the seeds of which were sown in the 1931 and since then this unfortunate state has witnessed tremendous strains and vandalizations.

The beautiful state of J&K has never witnessed uniform and even growth of economic activity - the tourism being the primary one. The reason being the lack of comprehensive policy and planning that should have integrated the state so that the resources would have been exploited to generate sound economic atmosphere in the state.

Thus, prompting the investors to contribute from outside the state in the infrastructural development. The state of J&K is a cultural mosaic appropriately called the Crown of India. It comprises of three main regions Jammu, Kashmir and Ladakh. Ladakh covers 96,000 square kilometer, Kashmir 19000 square kilometer and Jammu 26,000 sq. km. But all of these regions have never performed uniformly and generated economy, as should have been the case, in terms of tourism. The reason being the lack of planning, infrastructural development. And above all the adhoc policy that is devoid of integration of all three regions of the state administratively. Whenever, the Kashmir tourism gets the fillip, the Jammu region feels neglected and Ladakh feels that it has been given the step-motherly treatment. The political uncertainly and the eruption of armed conflict that the state is witnessing since early 1990s has had an impact of vast magnitude on the state’s rich culture and heritage. The ethno-religious conflict that has engulfed this beautiful and diverse land has exposed many fault lines viz a viz social, religion and political.

Terrorism and social unrest has lead people to be less sensitive towards the interpretation and preservation of heritage. Religious places and historical structures belonging to a particular community have been the victims of vandalizations. Encroachment is another lethal factor that has shrinked the domain of heritage. The prevalence of ethno-religious conflict has led to the definitions of heritage that are neither scientific nor rational. Thus, in such a situation interpretation and sympathetic reuse of heritage becomes utmost important. The heritage interpretation becomes unique and complex in this state of J&K in comparison to the rest of India because the threat is not from the outside elements but unfortunately from within as the ethnic and communal divide is doing the immense damage. One region’s heritage is pitted against that of other. It leaves the preservation and conservation in abeyance. The 14th century, historic structures of Mubarak Mandi have witnessed 36 minor and major fires, the cause of these fires and their impact on the archives has never been properly reported. This urban historic area has shrunk to great extent due to the disappearance of open spaces and outer ring of buildings surrounding the area. Then another aspect is the weather that has played the devastating role as moisture has affected its foundations leading to the growth of unwanted weeds. Besides the earthquakes have also ruptured the structure. The impact of the recent earthquake in October 2005 is still clearly visible. The nonsympathetic reuse is another factor that has altered its heritage character. The use of incompatible material further enhances the process of demolition and devastation. The great problem that heritage faces in J&K is the same as in India that is the process of preservation and conservation only starts once the structure has already lost its part or whole. Before that the public gaze is never attracted towards a tangible heritage structure. The impact of such an instantaneous hysteria is immense and negative as it evokes the emotion of the people on wrong lines, protests are led in haste and decision taken by authorities are half-baked thus, lacking the proper planning and implementation strategy. The state of Mandi Mubarak is too critical but it can act as a standard from where the heritage conservation and preservation should gain a substantial momentum. What emerges out of the vandalization of structures like Mubarak Mandi can be listed as follows :

I. That there is a need for the documentation of heritage sites and monuments.

II. That people should be sensitized about their heritage.

III. That vandalization of heritage structures should not be allowed to be the source of public hysteria as it leads to adhoc policy and planning.

The focus should be on early documentation and collection of data for the policy makers so that these structures are not allowed to be subjected to political misuse. It only adds to the already existing faultlines which makes it further difficult to accommodate the aspirations of a particular region.

The urgent need is to define heritage in this state with its proper interpretation keeping in view the onslaught from the ethno-religious conflict that has not only degraded heritage but at the same time brought about demographic change due to the internal displacement of religious minorities from one region to another, prominent being the ethnic-cleansing of the minuscule minority of the Kashmiri Pandits from their homeland, Kashmir in 1990. That has left a vacuum as far as the Kashmir’s culture is concerned. Various temples and shrines of the community, left in the valley, having heritage character have suffered utter neglect and hence, destruction thus altering the heritage of the Kashmir itself, which has been the fountainhead of Shaivism and Buddhism, that spread beyond the borders of India. That gave it a recognition of intellectual hub. The need of the hour, in the modern times is to recognize the value of heritage in terms of broad humanism and economy.

And above all the need is to see how heritage can create value addition for tourism products thereby, generating customer value. J&K offers vast and diverse belt for heritage tourism that needs to be exploited for reaping the dividends in terms of the multiplier effect. Keeping in view the multi-ethnic character and political faultlines there is an urgency to derive a common heritage plan. That should include both tangible and intangible heritage e.g. architecture, art, music and the value of civilization.

This can only be done by adopting the multi-pronged strategy that involves the following :

i. Identification

ii. Documentation

iii. Preservation and conservation

iv. Market segmentation and marketing

The identification process should focus on the projection of heritage in terms of commonality. Dogra heritage should not be pitted against the Kashmiri heritage. No political points should be scored from the heritage identification. Heritage is evolution so there can be nothing like Muslim and Hindu heritage. Heritage should mean refinement and humanism injected into the society from any religion or social group. Documentation should involve the professionalism covering all aspects of historicity and time frame.

Keeping in view the neglected state of the heritage buildings like Samba Fort, Mandi Mubarak etc., the emphasis should be laid on the preservation and conservation. So that heritage tourism product is capable of sustaining the market demand. The juvenile ideas of using cable car from Mandi Mubarak and Bahu Fort should be put to halt at once as these ill thought projects can add to the devastation of the heritage monuments.

Market segmentation and marketing should be made keeping in view the kind of heritage product that is to be marketed. No heritage product should be marketed without proper analysis. When Mubarak Mandi caught the public gaze due to all bad reasons like the Fire that engulfed the Toshakhana on 16 December, 2006; it was the case of negative marketing. People thronged to see the complex. It laid a tremendous stress on the structure which is already in a dilapidated condition. It leads to thefts and mutilation of the tiles and other items that can give clue to its magnificent architecture and history. Jammu Festival created a virtual stampede at Mandi Mubarak as no care was taken about the carrying capacity.

For Heritage Tourism, the preservation and conservation should be the primary area for creating heritage circuit in J&K.

Encroachments, non-sympathetic reuse, vandalization pose great threat to heritage structures. To evolve, heritage conservation and preservation plan heritage task force or body like that should be constituted for all the three regions of J&K. This should be utmost priority as unfortunately J&K has no Ministry of Culture. It is a paradox that a culturally rich state like J&K is devoid of such a policy making body. This has led to a state of confusion as to who is the custodian of heritage and culture in this state. This often leads to conflicts as far as decision making is concerned and eventually, no proper strategy is made for preservation and promotion of heritage.

The heritage task force at all three regional levels not only needs to devise a plan but sensitize the people regarding heritage. As it is the people, who are the real stake holders and beneficiaries of heritage as far as its economic effect in terms of economy is concerned. The key areas of the focus for heritage preservation and enhancement of tourism should be

i. Documentation

ii. Preservation

iii. Constitution of Ministry of Culture/HTF (Heritage Task Force)

iv. Sensitising the people

v. Emphasis on sympathetic reuse

vi. Development of common/ shared heritage

This should not be an exclusive effort but inclusive one that includes, tourism professionals, historians, conservators, conservation architects, policy makers. So that customer value with innovation from all professionals as mentioned above should be utilized for creating heritage tourism product and circuit. So that Crown of India shines with pride and confidence, paving the way for national integration by making it possible with the movement of heritage tourists from India and abroad into the land of cultural mosaic - that is J&K.

HERITAGE INITIATIVE FOUNDATION

HERITAGE INITIATIVE FOUNDATION is an organization dedicated to the heritage issues in totality.The multidisciplinary approach towards the heritage forms the basic policy of the organization.HERITAGE INITIATIVE FOUNDATION lays stress on the historical,cultural,traditional,geographical,political,economic aspects of the heritage and the other related issues like culture.
Heritage in both tangible and intangible form faces threats from major obstacles from terrorism guided by religious fanaticism and the changing environment.The serious set back has been received by the heritage of the aboriginal communities directly from the terrorism that has led to their displacement from their homelands leaving their tangible heritage in the hands of the fanatics and tier intangible heritage faces threat from the psychological factors that come into play due to absence of the political empowerment ,the reason being their fractional number in terms of vote bank politics.which leads to their exclusion from the policy making in the heritage issues as minority issues are held hostage to the majoritarian policy formulations.
HERITAGE INITIATIVE FOUNDATION addresses these issues from all viable perspectives and aims to create comprehensive policy formulation for preservation ,conservation and marketing of the heritage issues in terms of tourism and research aspects .Thus making it a universal issue that concerns all the world citizens.